Hello and welcome to the Physician Assistant Exam Review Podcast. My name is Brian Wallace. I’m the host and creator here at Physician Assistant Exam Review, and today we’re going to be covering personality disorders. You may be shocked to know that after 138 episodes, plus all of the ones from season one, I still can’t seem to get the introduction. This is the sixth, seventh try on the intro. So we’re going to roll with this one no matter what happens. We’re going to be covering personality disorders today.

Personality disorders tend to be difficult to keep straight. I struggle with psych because psych is, there’s a lot of overlapping things and it’s how do you parse this out and is it this or is it that? And it gives me a hard time. I have trouble wrapping my head around it. So we’re going to really focus today on looking at personality disorders under the light of these fall inside of psych and we’re going to be asked questions about psych.

So let’s learn these together and understand how the pieces fit together, how the questions are going to come, and what you really need to know about these things. One thing I want to let you know about before we jump into today’s content is that starting September 23rd, I’m going to be running a giveaway of a 100% free scholarship for the November cohort of the 33 Days to Pass the PANCE program. I want you to get a hold of it. I want you to let someone else know who may be struggling and may need some help, whether they’re in clinical or didactic or getting ready for your PANCE. This is the best way to learn the skills we talk about, to learn better studying, to learn better understanding for test taking, to learn peak performance, to learn how to beat testing anxiety and the imposter syndrome is through the 33 Days program. And again, it’s why we do it over 33 Days. And it cannot be a cram session.

It’s got to be a longer session because we’re changing some of those habits. We’re installing new tools. We’re changing a couple of things, not changing everything, but giving you some new tools to work with and giving you some ways to build up a strong foundation. So when you go into your exams, you’re really, really prepared and you’re in the best possible position to do as good as possible. So anyway, on September 23rd, I’m going to open that up. You can find out I’m going to be sending out information for that both in the podcast, but also through the email list. So if you’re not on the email list, you’re definitely going to want to go over to the website and get on that any way possible.

So you make sure that you’re notified when this goes live. I’m really excited about it. Can’t wait to do it. The 33 Days program has really just been a, getting better each and every cohort we do with the coaches on board, with the mock exam I just put together for the September cohort that the November cohort’s going to get. It’s just been, like I said, each and every cohort’s been getting better over time. So I can’t wait to deliver the November one.

All right, let’s jump in and talk about our priming questions. A man avoids coworkers, prefers solitary activities, and shows little emotion. What personality disorder fits best? A woman has unstable relationships, mood swings, and recurrent self-harm. What’s the most likely diagnosis? A man is distrustful, constantly questions others’ motives, and holds grudges. Which disorder is most consistent?

First-line therapy for borderline personality disorder. Those are our priming questions. Keep an ear out for those as we move through the notes. It’ll definitely help to solidify the stuff inside of your brain as we go. Let me just run through them real fast again. A man avoids coworkers, prefers solitary activities, and shows little emotion. What personality disorder fits best?

A woman has unstable relationships, mood swings, and recurrent self-harm. What’s the most likely diagnosis? A man is distrustful, constantly questions others’ motives, and holds grudges. Which disorder is most consistent? And first-line therapy for borderline disorder, borderline personality disorder. What’s the first-line therapy?

All right, so let’s talk about personality disorders in general before we dive into the different clusters and into the specific diagnoses. These are enduring, inflexible, and pervasive personality traits. So these don’t change over time, and that’s one of the major things that sets personality disorders aside from other psych diagnoses that we’ll talk about, these are fixed. They’re inflexible. They keep going. These are pervasive personality traits. These deviate from cultural expectations, in cognition, affect, interpersonal functioning, and impulse control.

Usually this is formed by adolescence or early adulthood, and it stays stable over time. That’s really the definitive thing between this and so many other psych disorders. Causes distress or impaired functioning and it’s not explained by other mental disorders or substance or medical conditions. That’s a big one, right? Obviously, I don’t think it’s going to show up on your PANCE that way, but in the clinic, it certainly can be a substance issue or a medical condition that might throw you off a little bit in your diagnoses.

All right, the clusters are cluster A, cluster B, and cluster C. So pretty straightforward. It’s just a grouping of diagnoses. It’s all the clusters. It’s just a grouping, right? So cluster A is paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal. Cluster B is antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic.

Cluster C is avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive. So, you can we well one of the ways we try to remember this is by calling cluster A, B and C, mad, bad, and sad. Mad meaning kind of crazy, bad meaning like antisocial, you’re you’re creating problems, and sad is that avoidant, dependent, obsessive compulsive. So, it’s sort of that way of remembering things to make it a little bit easier, more anxious, more fearful. That’s kind of things I’m looking for here. So again, cluster A is sort of odd, eccentric, mad. Cluster B is more dramatic and erratic, bad.

And cluster C is anxious, fearful. That’s sad.

Okay. Some things just to hit right off the top. Usually we’re going to start with cognitive behavioral therapy. That’s going to be the most commonly used thing for all of these. So that kind of makes things easy. I talk about what do you want to pay attention when you’re studying? For me, I’m not going to spend a lot of time studying treatments for personality disorders because the treatment for almost all of them is cognitive behavioral therapy with the exception of borderline personality disorder where you have dialectical behavior therapy.

This is a form of cognitive behavior therapy that teaches emotional regulation, distress tolerance, and interpersonal effectiveness. So it’s a slight variation there. That’s what I’m looking for when I’m looking as to what to study. If the answer for all of them is cognitive behavioral therapy, then I don’t really need to remember that because I’m not going to be asked about that on a test, right? Possibly, but unlikely. But very likely, I’ll be asked about borderline personality disorder and what the treatment is for that because it’s different from all the others.

Now, you could use medications, but they’re not curative. They can be used for mood, for anxiety, or psychotic symptoms. So you can use antidepressants, antipsychotics, or mood stabilizers, but they’re not really cures for this issue. Something else to keep in mind, borderline personality disorder has a high suicide risk. And antisocial personality disorder has a high risk for aggression and violence to others. So we’re going to start out with cluster A, our odd and eccentric cluster. We’re going to start with paranoid personality disorder.

So this is an enduring pattern of distrust and suspicion of others without justification. Again, begins in early adulthood, stable over time. Here’s a major key. Reality testing is intact. They’re not psychotic. They understand how the world works. There’s no other issues.

But they have this distrust and unfounded suspicion. They’re hypervigilant. They read into things, creating insults or meanings that aren’t really there. They’re reluctant to confide in others. They bear grudges. They’re quick to think they’re under attack, and they can be angry or hostile. There aren’t going to be a lot of labs and studies for physical exam findings for these.

They’re really just clinical diagnosis, but you do want to rule out schizophrenia, delusional disorder, and substance use. Treatments, again, we’re going to use cognitive behavioral therapy, and then medications for comorbid anxiety or depression. So, there’s not… For these, I have a really hard time keeping them straight, but there’s honestly not a ton to it because you don’t have physical exam findings. You don’t have labs. You don’t have imaging. And honestly, you don’t really have treatments.

You have behavioral therapy. The key is being able to separate them from each other. So you’re going to have to be able to pull them apart from things like schizophrenia, in which case you have delusions, hallucinations, hallucinations and a decline in function. Delusional disorder is a single fixed false belief instead of a global suspicion. For paranoid personality disorder, I’m going to stumble through this every time because the words just get jumbled. For paranoid personality disorder, it is a global suspicion and it permeates their entire life. So it’s a lifelong suspicious personality with intact reality.

Schizoid personality disorder. This is a detachment from social relationships plus restricted emotional expression. Schizoid personality disorder. Oid means like but not fully. So schizoid means like schizophrenia so we get emotional flattening, detachment, social withdrawal, but no psychosis. Again, reality testing is normal. They’re emotionally flat, they’re detached, they have social withdrawal, but there’s no psychosis.

These people will generally choose a solitary job. They have few or no close friends, they have little interest in sex or intimacy, they’re emotionally cold and have a flat affect, and they’re indifferent to praise and criticism. You want to rule out autism spectrum disorder, depression, or psychotic disorders. What you want to pay attention to, again, is how do we separate this from the other things? So, avoidant personality disorder, that wants friends but fears rejection. We haven’t gotten to it yet, so it is a little confusing, but that’s how we’re going to separate that. Avoidant wants friends but fears rejection.

Schizoid has no desire for friends. They just don’t care. The other one I was thinking about is autism, because you have that social kind of that social isolation, the restricted emotional expression. But with autism, there’s going to be a very early onset and you’re going to get those repetitive behaviors, right? With schizoid, it’s a later onset and a flat detachment. What about straight up depression? How does this not look like depression?

Well, with depression, it’s kind of a new withdrawal. It’s sort of something that comes about. With schizoid, it’s their personality. It’s who they are. It doesn’t come and go. So this is social isolation with no interest in relationships. Moving on to schizotypal personality disorder.

This is social deficits with eccentric behavior and odd beliefs. So again, we’re overlapping because we’re talking about social issues, but this is your eccentric behavior and odd beliefs. So typal means resembling a type. So in this case, we’re resembling schizophrenia. Schizotypal means odd or eccentric type of schizophrenia. So it’s magical thinking, odd appearance, illusions, but again, intact reality. Their presentation, they have magical thinking, thinking that maybe they have clairvoyance or telepathy, or they’re very superstitious.

They’ve got odd or eccentric speech and appearance, perhaps unusual mannerisms. They can have inappropriate affect. And they tend to have few close friends or are socially anxious. Here we’re going to want to be able to rule out schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and delusional disorder. Schizotypal versus schizoid. So think about this for a second. If we’re comparing schizotypal and schizoid, what are we looking for?

What are the differences? Well, schizotypal is those odd beliefs, that magical thinking. A schizoid is that flat detachment, no desire for friends. So they’re really not the same, except they sound the same, right? The words sound the same, so they’re hard to move apart. Schizotypal versus schizophrenia. Schizotypal is that eccentric, magical thinking, but reality is intact.

Schizophrenia is a psychosis with decline in function. What about first autism? Again, restricted, repetitive behaviors. Much, much different than schizotypal. You’re not going to, those shouldn’t come up similarly on your thing.

All right, let’s move into cluster B. These are your dramatic or erratic or bad. Anti-social personality disorder comes up first. This is pervasive disregard for and violation of the rights of others. They must be older than 18 with a history of conduct disorder before age 15. We talked about conduct disorder before. So once you hit 18, we get anti-social personality disorder.

These people are deceitful, manipulative, exploitive, impulsive, irritable, aggressive. These are people who have repeated unlawful acts, disregard for safety of others or themselves, really. There’s no remorse or empathy. To me, that might be something that makes it kind of a keyword in your questions. Treatment is very difficult here. They do not respond well to therapy. And your key differentiators, conduct disorder is the same pattern, but less than 18 years old.

Something that’s kind of similar might look like a narcissistic personality disorder. Those people crave attention, where antisocial is more going against people without feeling any guilt or any of that empathy. Borderline personality disorder, these are people with unstable emotions or relationships. So it’s different than a lack of empathy and a disregard of other people. They just are very unstable. So if you get like an adult with criminal behavior, impulsivity, lack of remorse, and possibly this goes on as they were, and it should have gone on as they were younger, then you’re looking at antisocial personality disorder. Borderline personality disorder.

This is instability in relationships, self-image, and affect marked impulsivity. That’s a big one there, marked impulsivity. Borderline is because it’s on the border between neurosis and psychosis. That’s where the name comes from. So these patients have intense emotions and unstable relationships. So that’s kind of like being neurotic. And then they have transient paranoia or dissociation under stress.

So this is kind of like being psychotic. So this is where the borderline name comes in. So their relationships tend to be unstable, very intense, where they idealize someone and then completely devalue them. They’re incredibly afraid of being abandoned. They have mood swings and chronic feelings of emptiness. They’re very impulsive. They can have issues with suicidal gestures and recurrent self-harm, anger, difficulty controlling emotions.

They can get transient paranoia and dissociation with stress. So this is where you need to rule out things like bipolar. And again, the treatment here is going to be slightly different. This is going to be the dialectical behavior therapy, but also keep in mind hospitalization of acute self-harm risk. So if someone is worried about them, personality disorder is one where you may want to hospitalize them, and again, I’m looking for ways this could be separated out on a PANCE question, so that might be something to consider. So think for a minute. We’ve done bipolar disorder, and you’ve probably covered it before.

How would you separate out borderline personality disorder from bipolar disorder? Well, bipolar disorder is going to be discrete mood episodes. You’re going to get those manic episodes, those depressive episodes, those manic episodes, those depressive episodes. And they’re going to be clear. They’re also not going to be tied to relationships. Right? That is going to be a key giveaway here.

What about against histrionic personality disorder? Here they’re going to be attention-seeking but not self-harming. Versus dependent personality disorder, they’re going to be clingy and not unstable or self-destructive. So it’s really that self-harm, that self-destruction, that risky behavior kind of separates us apart. So you’re looking for self-harm, unstable relationships, fear of abandonment, and that’s your personality disorder. So now let’s move into histrionic personality disorder. This is excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior.

Histrionic: histrio is the Latin for actor.

Okay, so these should kind of make some sense based off of their names. That’s why I’m trying to give them to you, give you something else to hold on to. Like I said, this is something I struggle with dramatically, is hanging on to these different personality disorders and remembering which ones are which. So people ask me, you know, do you do flashcards all the time? I know you talk about it. You do this, you do that. But this is one that I would have…

I would have up on post-it notes on my mirrors. I’d have handwritten flashcards to hold these out because this is something I need to make more tangible. It’s not something my brain can wrap around real easily. So I need to make this more physical for me. So I’m going to bring it into the physical world. I’m not going to use a digital flashcard for this because I won’t remember it. I know for me personally with this kind of thing, I need something tangible.

So I would be writing all this stuff down, but I’d be doing it in single lines on flashcards. So for histrionic, we have a dramatic, theatrical, exaggerated emotions. These need to be the center of attention. They’re inappropriate sexual or seductive behaviors. That’s often how it’ll come up on your test, at least that’s how I’ve seen it. Rapidly shifting, shallow emotions. Use appearance to draw an attention, and they often consider relationships more intimate than they actually are.

Again, this is a clinical diagnosis. And we’re going to look at this, like we said, up against things like borderline personality disorder. So in there, their unstable relationships, self-harm. Histrionic is just attention-seeking without self-harm versus narcissistic personality disorder. And a narcissist wants your admiration. A histrionic personality disorder wants the attention.

Okay, so that can be a way to hold those apart. I’m trying to figure out ways to create these images in your mind. And to me, that’s a good one. Dependent personality disorder is more clingy, not quite so dramatic. Narcissistic personality disorder. This is our last one in cluster B. I just lost my spot in my notes.

Hang on one second. There we go. Narcissists definitely have these ideas of grandeur. The need for admiration, and a lack of empathy for other people. The name comes from the Greek myth of Narcissus, who was a character who fell in love with his own reflection. Can’t remember the exact story, right? He was staring into a pool, and he got stuck there, and he couldn’t leave because he was so happy looking at himself.

So this is a self-centered and inflated self-importance. Clinical presentation is preoccupied with fantasies of success, beauty, and power, requires excessive admiration, exploits others for personal gain, envious of others or believes others envy them, arrogant, entitled attitude, and a fragile self-esteem despite that outward confidence. That’s a really big key. How is this different from antisocial personality disorder? Antisocial personality disorder will exploit without guilt. A narcissist will exploit but for admiration. They’ll be seeking you to praise them, that sort of thing, or seeking some ends to a mean.

Histrionic personality disorder is different because they crave attention where the narcissist craves admiration. Borderline personality disorder, they fear abandonment where the narcissist has that inflated self-image and wants your admiration, but isn’t really scared of losing you. So you have someone who’s grandiose, entitled, needs admiration, lacks empathy. That’s your narcissistic personality disorder. Cluster C is our anxious, fearful, or sad cluster. This is avoidant personality disorder. So social inhibitions, feelings of inadequacy, hypersensitivity to criticism.

So the key here is this person wants relationships but avoids them because they’re scared of rejection. That’s the major separator here. Avoidant personality disorder wants to build a relationship, but is scared of rejection. They feel inadequate. Their fear of being ashamed, criticized, or disliked. They have a low self-esteem. So again, there’s not a whole lot to memorize.

You have to get this picture of these individuals, this picture of this state of how these people are in your head, and hold on to that and then compare them to the other personality disorders. So avoidant versus schizoid. Avoidant personality disorder wants friends. Schizoid personality disorder does not want friends. Same description. One’s anxious, nervous, and has a low self-esteem. The other feels just fine.

Avoidant versus social anxiety disorder. Avoidant is pervasive across their entire life. Social anxiety disorder is to specific situations. So it’s similar. And this is the one that you may get confused the most for this particular personality disorder is social anxiety disorder is just to that specific situation. Or it could be multiple situations, but it’s not pervasive across their whole life. That’s the one main key for personality disorders, understanding that they don’t change.

Avoidant versus dependent. Avoidant is fears rejection. Dependent fears separation. Dependent personality disorder. Excessive need to be taken care of. They may be submissive, clingy, behavior, fear of separation. Dependent relies on the other person for decisions and support.

They have difficulty making everyday decisions without reassurance. They want others to assume the responsibilities for them. They have difficulty expressing any disagreement because they don’t want to lose the support system they have. And they will urgently seek another relationship when one ends. This one sort of stands on its own, I think. So I’m not going to go through the differentiators in the same way for that. I think those make some sense.

The next one is obsessive compulsive personality disorder, and if I’m not wrong, I think that’s our last one. Yep, that’s our last one. Obsessive compulsive personality disorder. This is pervasive preoccupation with order, perfection, and control. So this is important because this is where I struggled and I think it’s where a lot of people struggle. Difference from obsessive compulsive disorder. This is obsessive compulsive personality disorder.

Personality disorder is ego-syntonic. The person sees the trait as appropriate or helpful. If it’s a personality disorder, it’s who you are. You think it’s good. You have no problem with your situation. Obsessive compulsive disorder is ego-dystonic. The person knows what they’re doing doesn’t make a lot of sense.

They think it’s intrusive, but it’s a compulsion they can’t stop it. So again, to me, those are index cards. Those are flashcards I’m creating, and I’m hanging around, especially if I have a psych exam coming up. Clinical presentation. Perfectionism that interferes with completing tasks, preoccupied with rules, lists, organizations, and schedules. Rigid, stubborn, inflexible, reluctant to delegate tasks, excessive devotion to work or productivity at expense of leisure or relationships. Again, cognitive behavioral therapy.

And then the keys, again, is just to be able to separate these out. The diagnosis is going to be everything here. So compared to obsessive-compulsive disorder, remember, ego-dystonic versus ego-syntonic versus personality versus obsessive- Sorry. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder versus narcissism should be pretty obvious. Right? Perfectionism, control versus admiration and self-image. So this one too should be pretty easy to separate except when it comes to personality disorder versus obsessive-compulsive disorder.

And I know that I want to go over this again, but I think I’m just repeating words and it’s going to turn into a word salad in your brain. Go over to the website, look at the notes, go through some tables on this, make some flashcards. That’s how you’re going to solve this. This isn’t something you can hear once and just hold on to. And it’s going to take a little bit of time. So, allow that time. Understand it’s going to take some time.

Draw yourself some charts. Get out a marker on your whiteboard and put them together and piece them together and show how those separate and move apart. And that brings us to the end of personality disorders. Fantastic work, everyone. Glad for you stuck with me. This was a little bit tough. This is a little dense, a little bit thick.

But again, you’re not looking at treatments. You’re not looking at physical exam plans. You’re not looking at images. You’re just trying to memorize these definitions and compare them to each other. Before we get into our priming question answers, I want to just hit our study tip for today. Our study tip for today is going to be a really simple one. Simple to understand, hard to execute.

Limit your studying resources. The more stacks of books and material and content you have, the more anxiety you have, because then you feel like you didn’t get to something and you bounce between things. I notice this in myself. I’ve got three different books I’m trying to get through and I’m reading them in pieces and then I feel anxious that I’m not sure where I was and how to finish them and which one I should work on first. But if I just have one book at a time, it’s so much easier. That anxiety floats away. So if you have three different review books that are all basically saying the same things, you don’t need three different review books.

You don’t need PDFs downloaded off the internet for every topic 10 times over. You need one that you trust. They’re all going to have slightly different things in them, right? I cover different things here than some other people will cover for sure. We focus on different things. Otherwise, we would be all of Cecil’s, right? And you’re not going to read that.

But you have to trust your source. And you’ll find some books will have a first-line treatment or some sources will have a first-line treatment that’s different from other sources. That doesn’t mean one’s right or wrong. It just means that they come from different places. The American Academy of Pediatrics may have a different first-line treatment for a newborn about something than the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. It doesn’t mean that they’re wrong, but there can be more than one first-line treatment, That’s right. This stuff isn’t set in stone.

This isn’t gravity. There’s not one answer all the time. So some books will have a different answer than another book. That’s okay. Be okay with that. That’s better than hunting for the answers in multiple places. That’s much too difficult, much too anxiety driving.

And don’t just grab stuff off the internet. I see so much of that. Hey, this helped me. Oh good. Can I get a copy of that? Everyone’s brains work differently. Because something worked for one person doesn’t mean it works for someone else.

It doesn’t mean it works for you. It’s worth trying. It’s worth testing. Absolutely. But the passing rates on the PANCE are what, like 92 to 95 percent, which means a lot of people pass it and they all use different tools. So just because one tool worked for one person, don’t assume that’s the holy grail and that’s the piece you’re missing. Don’t always be on the search for the missing piece either.

What you have is probably enough, if not more than enough. The first thing I do when students come into the 33 Days program is I encourage them to cut down their resources. This builds their confidence, decreases their anxiety, cuts down their study time, and doesn’t hurt them in any other way. Just think about the materials you’re using and what you use the most and start packing away the things you don’t use. And there’s no need to pile on more and more stuff once you have a system that works. You can put your toe in and look around, but you don’t need more things. People talk about saving time.

That’s one way to save time is stop checking multiple sources, get a trusted source.

All right, let’s look at our priming questions. Number one, a man avoids coworkers, prefers solitary activities and shows little emotion. So these should not be jumping out at you, or at least if they’re not, you should start to see how they’re going to come so that you can start studying like this. A man avoids coworkers, prefers solitary activities and shows little emotion. This is schizoid personality disorder. A woman has unstable, remember, schizoid doesn’t want friends, doesn’t care. A woman has unstable relationships, mood swings and recurrent self-harm.

That self-harm piece is the key. This is borderline personality disorder. A man is distrustful and constantly questions others’ motives and holds grudges. Paranoid personality disorder. First line therapy for borderline personality disorder is dialectical behavior therapy.

Now, again, one of the things I caution you on is I would spend time learning this, learning the different personality disorders, but also understand they’re going to come up against the other psych diagnoses. So you start by learning them here all together, and then you start to spread out and mix everything together, and it gets much more difficult, right, as you start to mix in the other psych diagnoses. But start with just personality disorders and then bring the others in.

All right, let’s run through a couple of PANCE questions so you can see how this might show up. A 28-year-old man is described by coworkers as strange. He often talks about his belief in telepathy and wears eccentric clothing. He has few close friends, avoid social gatherings because of anxiety and sometimes reports sensing energies in the room. He denies hallucinations or delusions. What’s the most likely diagnosis? Schizophrenia, schizotypal personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, avoidant personality disorder.

So in here we have the belief in telepathy, few close friends, sensing energies in the room. Our answer here is schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophrenia would require psychosis, the frank delusions and hallucinations, and a functional decline. We didn’t get that in this question. They didn’t talk about that here. Schizoid personality disorder would be, again, that person who doesn’t want friends is flat affect. That’s what you’re going to see in the question.

Avoidant personality disorder is social withdrawal due to fear of rejection. We don’t have that here either. None of that shows up in this question. So this is pretty straightforward stuff. A 24-year-old woman has a history of unstable relationships. She reports intense fear that her boyfriend will abandon her, alternates between idolizing and devaluing him, and has a history of cutting her forearms during conflict. She describes chronic feelings of emptiness and mood swings.

So we packed in as many keys as we can in here, but I just want you to see how they come. What’s the most likely diagnosis? A, bipolar 2 disorder. B, histrionic personality disorder. C, borderline personality disorder. D, dependent personality disorder. Well, our answer is going to be B, histrionic person, I’m sorry, C, borderline personality disorder.

Because we have that swings in the relationship, we have the cutting of the forearms, that’s what’s going to push us there. This person isn’t just looking for attention, right? That would be your histrionic personality disorder. They’re not just scared of losing someone, it would be your dependent personality disorder, and certainly not bipolar. We’re not talking about manic episodes and depressive episodes here. So this is C, borderline personality disorder. So we’re walking through these so you can kind of see how to approach questions and how to study from them.

One thing you can do if you’re looking to pick up more points, I put together a guide for increasing scores on exams without any more studying, called the Test Taking Rescue Kit. This way you have some techniques to start doing and some techniques to stop doing on your exams to increase your scores without any more studying. Some of it’s kind of the way we talked about these questions, but there’s so much more in there for you to get. And you can get that 100% for free at physicianassistantexamreview.com/testtakingkit. physicianassistantexamreview.com/testtakingkit. And that’ll open up for you. You’ll get access to the test-taking rescue guide that’ll really help you to walk through some of these questions and improve your scores.

Probably for some of you as much as 5% without any more studying whatsoever. It’s a quick guide with some ideas, some tools on how to do that. That’ll take us out for today and end our show. We have one left in this series. I couldn’t be more excited about it. Don’t forget about that giveaway coming up. Really excited about that.

That’ll be next week. And good luck on your exams this week. I look forward to talking to you again. Take care. We’ll see you next time.